Introduction

Multiple people work together to ensure the security of the NEAR network because it is decentralized. These individuals are known as validators. The validators adhere to a predetermined consensus procedure in order to guarantee the integrity of all network transactions and prevent any monetary theft.

Several well-known consensus mechanisms exist today to ensure a blockchain continues to function properly and is secure against attacks. The NEAR Protocol implements a PoS algorithm, namely Thresholder PoS.

During Proof-of-Stake, users "vote" for validators on the network by giving those validators NEAR tokens. Staking refers to this operation. The central concept is that the community will put more trust in a validator if they have been given more tokens to distribute. Link

Staking and Delegation

Token holders in the NEAR ecosystem are incentivized to participate in token delegation. Contribute to the safety of the network and receive benefits by staking your NEAR tokens. When you stake your tokens with a validator's designated staking pool, you are effectively depositing and staking them with that pool. When a node wants to become a validator in future epochs, it can stake by issuing a Stake Transaction to the network. A public key and staking amount are required for this type of transaction. A node with the private key corresponding to the public key in the staking transaction must wait until two epochs have passed after the transaction has been sent before it may start validating transactions. Link

Method

• At the first, I used Assessing the Transactions and actions_events_function_call

  with the method name in deposit_and_stake for stakes and unstake and unstake_all for Unstake activities. Then joined it with fact_transactions tables to extract the validator name. After that, I calculated all possible parameters.

• I didn’t find any Gov proposals or Validators activities. So I Supposed that there weren’t any Gov proposals at least from my finding. hence, I went for their other activities, Like mentioned

  above. I mean Stakes and Unstakers in their Validators.

• So, I found Validators and calculate the Nakamato and Gini coefficients. This part of dashboard Credited to Pinehearst#1947 from here.

Analysis

Table 1 & 6 Single Number besides, shows an overall view of Validator Statistics on Near Protocol.

Total Count of Validator on Bear is 192 Number, depositor or Staker 218K, Total Staked volume 376m Ⓝ and Nearly 95k Unstaker.

bzam6yjpnfnxsdmjf6pw.poolv1.near s the top Validator with more than 24m Ⓝ Staked Volume, that followed by aurora.pool.near with 18.1m Ⓝ staked volume.

Conclusion

• Total Count of Validator on Bear is 192 Number, depositor or Staker 218K, Total Staked volume 376m Ⓝ and Nearly 95k Unstaker.

• bzam6yjpnfnxsdmjf6pw.poolv1.near is the top Validator with more than 24m Ⓝ Staked Volume, that followed by aurora.pool.near with 18.1m Ⓝ staked volume.

• Most of transactions count are belong to astro-stakers.poolv1 with more than 23k tx count and 10k Staker, fifth place on top validators, based on Staked volume, that followed by zavodil.poolv1 with 19.5k tx count and 8k Staker, that is seventh place in top validators based on staked volume.

• Near protocol with Nakamato & GINI Coefficient’s in score of 14 & 0.59 respectively, have an acceptable decentralize score.

• The highest number of Near that had been staked was on October 28th, 2021. On this day, nearly 5k stakes belonged to Aurora.poolv1.near and the second validator that had a noticeable amount of stake was zavodil.poolv1 with 48 stakes.

• The top 5 validator tasks in order of frequency:

1. Swap about 67 percent
2. Withdraw about 8.5%
3. Add-Liquidity about 5.5 percent

About:

• Author: HaM☰d

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• Discord: 0xHaM☰d#8391

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• Twitter: @arjmandi_hamed

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• Email: h_arjmandi2012@yahoo.com

(TOURNAMENT ENTRANTS ONLY)

\n Every city has its governors, and the City of NEAR is no different. Assess the state of governance on NEAR, with an eye toward assessing its decentralization. \n

Topics include (but are not limited to): \n

• Concentration of power -Frequency of voting
• Deep dive into 2 or 3 validators and their activity
• Examination of undelegation/redelegation \n

Transparency is the hallmark of good governance. Show the people of NEAR what their representatives are up to!

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The Nakamoto Coefficient — an attempt to quantify Decentralization

The Nakamoto coefficient measures blockchain decentralization. Most measurements define whether a blockchain is centralized or decentralized. Nakamoto coefficient shows blockchain decentralization is continuous. It determines a chain's decentralization. Identifying a blockchain's strengths and limitations helps find decentralized blockchains.

The Nakamoto coefficient has some flaws. To get the most from this measurement, analyze it. Blockchain A's larger Nakamoto coefficient doesn't mean it's more decentralized than Blockchain B. Many factors affect Nakamoto scores. To use Nakamoto, you must know which blockchain subsystem it's assessing. Link

Combining the Gini Coefficient and the concept of subsystems yields the Nakamoto coefficient. In other words, it provides an answer to the question of how many entities in a subsystem are required to exert command over the entire network. The Nakamoto Coefficient is typically set as 51% for the threshold at which subsystems are considered substantially compromised, however this can vary.

As of following date the Near protocol with Nakamato & GINI Coefficient’s in score of 14 & 0.59 respectively, have an acceptable decentralize score.

Daily Top 10 Validators Overview

Vis 4 => 9: The first validator based on the number of Stake was aurora.poolv1.near validator. This validator had 18m Stakes and take 29% of the top 10 validators based on the amount staked Near.

The second validator is astro-stakers.poolv1 which had around 17.3m amount of staked and 13.8%

The highest number of Near that had been staked was on October 28th, 2021. On this day, nearly 5k stakes belonged to Aurora.poolv1.near and the second validator that had a noticeable amount of stake was zavodil.poolv1 with 48 stakes.

As of Vis 8 & 9, In cumulative amount of staked volume astro-stakers.poolv1 have had a sharpen momentum than others, So that since April 27th, its goes up to firth place on growth.

Voting on Proposals

Vis 10 & 11: Please refer to the accompanying diagram for further explanation. Votes have been counted and verified by categorizing into yes and no categories, depending on the number of proposals. According to the percentages in the following chart, Grouping yes and no votes, based on the number of proposals, allows us to verify the total number of votes cast. Roughly 94% of the votes were affirmative.

Death or Live validators

The count of Block made by each validator, are an important index to identify how long have each of them been in power? To answer this, a survey was conducted and it’s found out that most of the governors are more than 159 days old, while the vast majority is 308 days old.

18 count of validator in this category are dead as of following definition, We called a validator as dead when it haven’t more than 30 days any activity on making blocks.

On this research, more than 97% of validators are a lived and less than 3% are dead.

Distributions of validators actions on Functions on days of weeks

More than 67% of activity on validators are belong to swap that all of them took placed on aurora.poolv1, Withdraw are the next activity with more than 8% of distributions.

Most of activities took placed on Mondays, and Saturdays have had the lowest share of transactions, that is normal, because of weekend.

Vis 1, Shows the Near Staked volume on top validators.

Vis 2, Compare of transactions count and total Staker on top validators.

Most of transactions count are belong to astro-stakers.poolv1 with more than 23k tx count and 10k Staker, fifth place on top validators, based on Staked volume, that followed by zavodil.poolv1 with 19.5k tx count and 8k Staker, that is seventh place in top validators based on staked volume as of Vis 1.

Vis 3, shows the count of passed days from last Stake transactions that indicate activity on validators.

Most inactive days from last stake transactions are belong to staking_opp_disc poolv1 with Number of Rank 62 in top validators, that followed by inc4.poolv1 by rank of 97 on top validators, as of table 1.